A deep dive into electric bus charging modes

Depot Charging

Depot charging, often referred to as overnight charging, involves recharging E-buses at the depot, typically during off-peak hours when the buses are not in operation. This mode is characterised by longer charging durations, usually between five to eight hours, and employs relatively low power levels ranging from 30 kW to 150 kW.

The primary advantage of depot charging is its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, as it utilises existing electrical infrastructure and avoids the need for additional investment in high-power charging equipment. However, the requirement for large battery capacities to support a full day’s operation increases the weight of the buses and reduces passenger capacity.

En Route Charging

En route charging, also known as opportunity charging, takes place at bus stops or terminals during the day. This mode uses higher power levels, typically between 150 kW and 600 kW, to quickly recharge the buses within a few minutes while passengers are boarding or alighting.

En route charging significantly reduces the size and weight of the onboard batteries, enhancing the operational efficiency and passenger capacity of the buses. However, the high power demand during peak hours can strain the local electrical grid and necessitate substantial investment in robust charging infrastructure.

In Motion Charging

In motion charging represents a more advanced and dynamic approach, enabling E-buses to recharge while they are in transit. This method includes technologies such as inductive charging and catenary systems, which provide continuous power to the buses via overhead lines or embedded road coils.

In motion charging eliminates the need for extended stops for recharging, thus offering the greatest operational flexibility and reducing range anxiety. The power levels for in motion charging are generally lower than those for en route charging, often below 250 kW. Despite its benefits, this mode requires significant infrastructural investment and careful urban planning to integrate the necessary charging systems seamlessly into existing roadways and public transport networks.

Choosing the Right Charging Mode

Each of these charging modes has its own set of advantages and challenges, and the choice of which to implement depends on various factors, including the specific requirements of the bus fleet, the available infrastructure, and the financial resources of the transit agency.

Depot charging is ideal for transit systems with well-defined schedules and longer overnight downtimes, whereas en route charging suits high-frequency routes with limited downtime at terminals. In motion charging is particularly advantageous for routes with heavy traffic and minimal opportunities for extended stops.

Strategic Planning for Optimal Deployment

The study underscores the importance of a strategic and context-specific approach to deploying E-bus charging infrastructures. Policymakers and transit agencies must consider a trade-off between battery capacity and the number and type of chargers to optimise the operational efficiency and sustainability of E-bus fleets.

Moreover, the integration of renewable energy sources and smart grid technologies can further enhance the environmental benefits and resilience of these charging systems.

Future of Electric Public Transport

In conclusion, the transition to electric buses represents a significant step towards sustainable urban mobility. By carefully evaluating and implementing the most suitable charging mode, cities can achieve a cleaner, more efficient, and resilient public transportation system. The ongoing research and advancements in E-bus charging technologies promise a future where electric public transport is not only feasible but also the preferred choice for urban mobility.

Source: TU Delft & Politecnico di Milano